Demodex carolliae in a colony of Seba's short-tailed bats (Carollia perspicillata): clinical, pathological and parasitological findings.

Seba's short-tailed bats (Carollia perspicillata) are a frugivorous species native to Central and South America. Despite their importance as a reservoir for zoonotic pathogens and their popularity in zoological collection and as research models, there are relatively few reports on non-zoonotic diseases of bats. Mites of the genus Demodex are obligate commensals of the skin of a range of mammals, are highly host-specific and are not associated with clinical disease when present in low numbers. However, infestation with high numbers can result in severe or even fatal disease and substantially affect the well-being of the animals. The clinical, pathological and parasitological findings in 12 Seba's short-tailed bats with demodicosis from a colony kept at Munich Zoo Hellabrunn between 1992 and 2021 are described in this report. From 2002, skin lesions became apparent on the head, especially the periocular region, nose and ears, as well as the genital area of some animals. In advanced cases, skin changes were also present on the abdomen, back and extremities. Gross findings typically included alopecia and thickening of the skin, with the formation of papules, reflecting cystically dilated hair follicles containing myriads of demodecid mites. Histologically, lesions were characterized by a paucicellular lymphocytic dermatitis and folliculitis with perifollicular fibrosis, epidermal hyperplasia, orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis and disproportionately high numbers of intrafollicular arthropods. Demodex carolliae was identified morphologically by light, phase-contrast and electron microscopy. Further characterization was achieved by extraction of parasitic DNA and partial gene sequencing of two mitochondrial genes, 16S rDNA and cox1. This is the first clinicopathological description of generalized demodicosis in Seba's short-tailed bats and includes the first molecular characterization of D. carolliae with provision of a GenBank entry.

[3 cases of abomasitis in calves associated with Sarcina sp. infection]. / 3 Fälle von Abomasitis im Zusammenhang mit einer Infektion mit Sarcina sp. beim Kalb.

In this case report - to the best knowledge of the authors for the first time in the German-speaking region - 3 calves with ulcerating or emphysematous abomasitis respectively are presented, in which intralesional bacteria of the Sarcina species were identified. The unusual appearance of these bacteria is described, their etiopathogenic relevance discussed.

[The Asian Tiger Mosquito (Aedes albopictus) as a Challenge for the Public Health Service: An Example of a Risk Management Strategy Adapted to the Situation at the Local Level]. / Die Asiatische Tigermücke (Aedes albopictus) als Herausforderung für den Öffentlichen Gesundheitsdienst ­ Exemplarische Darstellung eines situationsadaptierten Risikomanagements auf lokaler Ebene.

AIM OF THE STUDY: Case report on risk management for the epidemiology of an infectious disease threat scenario at the municipal level using the example of the Asian tiger mosquito (ATM) with communication of figures based on experience to stakeholders in the public health service METHODS: Formal and substantive presentation of a list of defined control measures together with site-specific modification and evaluation of efficacy RESULTS: Based on a timely education campaign, establishment of a population of ATM first observed in the fall of 2016 could be prevented at the local level. With favourable low temperatures during the 2016/2017 winter months, primarily physical control methods were effective. In the spring of 2017, ATM was no longer detected by a total of 4 monitoring units, each with a suction trap and 3 passive traps. In the following period, up to and including the spring of 2019, no invasive species of mosquito were identified in the cemetery originally involved or in the adjacent residential areas or recreational grounds Overall, cooperation among external experts and stakeholders from the public health service at the level of individualised medicine were able to prevent an insect-borne infection of the local population; a gradual approach following defined criteria for insect control proved to be effective and efficient. CONCLUSION: The occurrence of the ATM is primarily a local event that requires a differentiated weighing-up between a specific and abstract hazard potential by the regional health authorities. In addition to an objective and prompt education campaign for the population involved as a trust-building action, primary physical control measures in terms of barrier measures are effective; if necessary, chemical and biological controls can be used as complementary measures.

Molecular diagnostics for the detection of Bokeloh bat lyssavirus in a bat from Bavaria, Germany.

A brain sample of a Natterer's bat tested positive for rabies with classical virological techniques. Molecular techniques confirmed the presence of Bokeloh bat lyssavirus (BBLV) in Germany for the second time. Sequence analysis revealed a close genetic relationship to the initial German BBLV case. Using a TaqMan RT-PCR specific for BBLV viral RNA was detected in various other organs albeit with differences in the relative viral load.

Prevalence of feline haemoplasma infection in cats in Southern Bavaria, Germany, and infection risk factor analysis.

In this prospective study performed from samples of 296 cats from Southern Bavaria, Germany, a conventional PCR (polymerase chain reaction) assay for detection of Mycoplasma haemofelis and "Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum" and a real-time PCR for "Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis" were used to test blood samples from ill cats with anaemia (n = 79), ill cats with a normal haematocrit (n = 98), and healthy cats (n = 119). The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of feline haemoplasma infection and associated risk factors in cats in Southern Bavaria, Germany. Thirty-six cats (12.2%) were PCR positive: 9.5% were infected with "Candidatus M. haemominutum, 1.4% with M. haemofelis, and 0.3% with "Candidatus M. turicensis". Three cats (1.0%) were coinfected with two haemoplasma species (one cat with "Candidatus M. haemominutum"and M. haemofelis, and two cats with "Candidatus M. haemominutum"and "Candidatus M. turicensis"). Risk factors for infection were outdoor access, male gender, coinfection with feline leukaemia virus (FeLV), and domestic shorthair breed. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of haemoplasma infection between the three groups and none of the positive cats had clinical signs of haemoplasma infection. The authors conclude that feline haemoplasma infection does not appear to be a common cause of anaemia in cats in Southern Bavaria, Germany.

Prevalence of spotted fever group rickettsiae in Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) in southern Germany.

Host-seeking Ixodes ricinus (L.) (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks were collected systematically, from May to September 2006, at selected sites in southern Germany, including a large city park in Munich. Polymerase chain reactions for amplification of genes of the rickettsial citrate synthase (gltA), the outer membrane proteins A and B (ompA and ompB), and the 16S rDNA were used to investigate 2,861 specimens (adults and nymphs). GltA sequences of spotted fever group rickettsiae were detected in 151 of all samples (5.3%; 95% CI = 4.3-6.2%). Sequencing revealed Rickettsia helvetica in 91.4% of the samples and R. monacensis in 8.6%. Amplification of ompA was not possible for R. helvetica, but in all except one of the R. monacensis. The results were analyzed statistically to test the effects of season, location, developmental stage, and gender of the tick on prevalence of Rickettsia spp. Although rickettsial DNA was detected in all investigated sites, sites in natural forest areas had significantly higher prevalences than sites in landscaped city parks. Adult female and male ticks had a similar prevalence and were significantly more often infected than nymphs. Monthly differences were not statistically significant. These results clearly show that R. helvetica is widespread throughout the study region and could result in a threat to public health in areas of high prevalence.

Rickettsia felis in fleas, Germany.

Among 310 fleas collected from dogs and cats in Germany, Rickettsia felis was detected in all specimens (34) of Archaeopsylla erinacei (hedgehog flea) and in 9% (24/226) of Ctenocephalides felis felis (cat flea). R. helvetica was detected in 1 Ceratophyllus gallinae (hen flea).

Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in Ixodes ricinus, Bavaria, Germany.

Anaplasma phagocytophilum DNA was detected by real-time PCR, which targeted the msp2 gene, in 2.9% of questing Ixodes ricinus ticks (adults and nymphs; n = 2,862), collected systematically from selected locations in Bavaria, Germany, in 2006. Prevalence was significantly higher in urban public parks in Munich than in natural forests.

[Tick infestation and the prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi and Babesia divergens in cattle in Bavaria]. / Untersuchungen zum Zeckenbefall sowie zur Prävalenz von Borrelia burgdorferi und Babesia divergens bei Rindern in Bayern.

During the grazing period 2002 319 cattle from 31 farms located in 6 districts of southern Bavaria were examined for the presence of ticks in 4- to 5-week intervals, and 287 serum samples were tested for the presence of antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi and Babesia divergens. Ticks were detected in all 31 farms with a mean prevalence of 69%. 3218 out of 3453 collected ticks were Ixodes ricinus; 139 nymphs, 19 larvae and 77 damaged adult specimens could only be determined to the Genus level (Ixodes). The seasonal pattern revealed the highest frequencies of ticks in May/June and September. The intensity of tick infestation of positive animals was generally low. 76.5% of parasitized cattle had 1-6 ticks per day of investigation. Individual cattle showed up to 250 ticks per day. The percentage of infested animals in each herd varied within the period between 0-100%. The examination of serum samples by immunofluorescence technique (IFAT) revealed positive anti-Borrelia antibody titers (> or = 1:64) for 45.6% of the animals. The within-farm seroprevalence of borreliosis ranged from 20 to 100% in 27 of the 31 farms. A significant correlation could be detected between the number of ticks/cattle and the anti-Borrelia burgdorferi IgG-titer. By contrast, there was no significant correlation between the age of the animals and anti-Borrelia serum titers. For comparative reasons, 64 IFAT-positive serum samples were tested by Western blot techniques for the presence of antibodies cross-reacting with Borrelia garinii antigen. These analyses revealed that 69% of the samples reacted positively, 28% were unclear and 3% were negative. Examinations of the 287 serum samples for the presence of anti-Babesia divergens antibodies revealed one positive animal with a titer of 1:16.

The equine herpesvirus 1 UL20 product interacts with glycoprotein K and promotes egress of mature particles.

The aim of the present study was to identify and functionally characterize the equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) UL20 protein (UL20p). Using a specific antiserum, UL20p was shown to be associated with membranes of infected cells, as well as with envelopes of purified virions. By Western blot analysis, UL20p was detected in two main forms exhibiting M(r)s of 25,000 and 75,000. Both moieties did not enter the separating gel after heating of protein samples to 99 degrees C. The slower-migrating form of UL20p contains N-linked carbohydrates, and its presence is dependent of that of other viral proteins. Infection of cells that either constitutively express UL20p or a gK-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein with various EHV-1 deletion mutants revealed a relatively stable hetero-oligomer containing gK and UL20p with an apparent M(r) of 75,000. As demonstrated by confocal microscopy, UL20p distribution in Rk13 cells changed from a diffuse granular or netlike appearance to a pattern confined to the Golgi network when gK was coexpressed. Analysis of a UL20 deletion mutant of EHV-1 strain RacL11 indicated an involvement of UL20p in cell-to-cell spread, as well as in very late events in virus egress. Based on these and electron microscopic studies we suggest that the EHV-1 UL20 protein might be necessary to avoid fusion of mature virions with membranes of their transport vesicles.

A glycoprotein M-deleted equid herpesvirus 4 is severely impaired in virus egress and cell-to-cell spread.

To analyse the function of the equid herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4) glycoprotein M homologue (gM), two different mutated viruses (E4DeltagM-GFP and E4DeltagM-w) were generated. Both gM-negative EHV-4-mutants were characterized on complementing and on non-complementing cells and compared with E4RgM, a virus where gM-expression had been repaired. It was demonstrated in virus growth kinetics that deleting gM had a more dramatic influence on EHV-4 replication than expected. Extracellular infectivity was detected 9-12 h later than in EHV-4-infected Vero cells and titres were reduced up to 2000-fold. In addition, mean maximal diameters of plaques were less than 20 % of diameters of wild-type plaques. These results are in contrast to most other alphaherpesviruses, including the closely related equid herpesvirus type 1, where deletion of gM only marginally influences the ability of viruses to replicate in cell culture. Nevertheless, analysis of infected cells by electron microscopy did not reveal a specific defect for deleting gM. It was concluded that EHV-4 gM is important for more than one step in virus replication in cell culture, influencing both efficient virus egress and cell-to-cell spread.

The equine herpesvirus 1 UL34 gene product is involved in an early step in virus egress and can be efficiently replaced by a UL34-GFP fusion protein.

The structure and function of the equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) UL34 homologous protein were characterized. A UL34 protein-specific antiserum reacted with an M(r)28,000 protein that could not be detected in purified extracellular virions. Confocal laser scanning microscopy demonstrated that UL34 reactivity mainly concentrated at the nuclear rim, which changed into a punctuate and filamentous pattern at late times after infection. These changes in UL34 distribution were especially prominent when analyzing the distribution of a GFP-UL34 fusion protein. A UL34-negative EHV-1 was generated by mutagenesis of a recently established BAC clone of EHV-1 strain RacH (pRacH). Release of extracellular infectious virus was severely impaired after infection of Rk13 cells with HDelta34. Electron microscopy revealed a virtual absence of virus particles in the cytoplasm of infected cells, whereas nucleocapsid formation and maturation within the nucleus appeared unaffected. A UL34-GFP fusion protein with GFP linked to the C-terminus of UL34 was able to complement for the UL34 deletion in trans, while a GFP-UL34-fusion protein with GFP linked to the N-terminus of UL34 was able to only partially restore virus growth. It was concluded that the EHV-1 UL34 product is essential for an early step in virus egress, i.e., release of capsids from infected-cell nuclei.